A GENERAL THEORETICAL REVIEW ABOUT GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONAL INTEGRATION
REVISTA ACADÉMICA ECO (15) : 31-52, JULIO / DICIEMBRE 2016
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“Free trade is considered as an economic policy. In theoretical terms, free trade
generally means that there are no artificial impediments (tariff) to the exchange
of goods across national markets and that therefore the prices faced by domestic
producer and consumers are the same as those determined by the world market
(allowing for transportation and other transactions costs). These prices reflect the
relative scarcity and abundance of goods around the world and constitute a relevant
opportunity cost to domestic firms and households and hence to the country as a
whole) because the world market is always available for trades at those prices).
In reality, free trade describes a policy of the nation-state toward international
commerce in which trade barriers (tariff barriers, quantitative restrictions, and other
import barriers) are absent, implying no restrictions on the import of goods from
other countries or restraints on the export of domestic goods to other markets.
These trade interventions distort the prices faced by domestic producers and
consumers away from those arising in the world market” (Irwin, 1998).
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The wealth of the Nations presents that the application of free trade can generate
wealth and welfare among nations. “According to Adam Smith, trade between two
nations is based on absolute advantage. When one nation is more efficient than (or
has an absolute advantage over) another in the production of one commodity but is
less efficient than (or has an absolute disadvantage with respect to) the other nation
in producing a second commodity, then both nations can gain by each specializing
in the production of the commodity of its absolute advantage and exchanging part
of its output with the other nation for the commodity of its absolute disadvantage
(Salvatore, 2001)”.
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The comparative advantage has strong relation with opportunity cost theory
(Haberler, 1952). The opportunity cost theory can be illustrated with the production
possibility frontier or transformation curve. It can show alternative combinations of
the two commodities that a nation can produce by fully utilizing all of its resources
with the best technology available to it (Salvatore, 2001). In the analysis of the
comparative advantage is based on a basic mathematics and graphs to explain the
relationship between two nations and goods based on the absolute advantage that
each one country present.
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The opportunity cost theory can be illustrated with the production possibility
frontier or transformation curve. It can show alternative combinations of the two
commodities that a nation can produce by fully utilizing all of its resources with the
best technology available to it. In the analysis of the comparative advantage is used
a basic mathematics and graphs to explain the relationship between two nations
and goods based on the absolute advantage that each one country present