MARIO ARTURO RUIZ ESTRADA
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REVISTA ACADÉMICA ECO (15) : 31-52, JULIO / DICIEMBRE 2016
immunity granted by any contracting party to any product originating in or destined
for any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the like
product originating in or destined for the territories of all other contracting parties”.
GATT Article XXIV: “Territorial Application — Frontier Traffic — Customs Unions and
Free-trade Areas: The provisions of this Agreement shall apply to the metropolitan
customs territories of the contracting parties and to any other customs territories in
respect of which this Agreement has been accepted under Article XXVI or is being
applied under Article XXXIII or pursuant to the Protocol of Provisional Application.
For the purposes of this Agreement a customs territory shall be understood to
mean any territory with respect to which separate tariffs or other regulations of
commerce are maintained for a substantial part of the trade of such territory with
other territories.” (WTO, 2016)
4
Regionalism is often given different names, shapes and forms, each with different
implications and nuances. In this chapter, regionalism from a trade point of view is
defined broadly: as the deepening of intra-regional economic interdependence in a
given region through intra-regional trade, foreign direct investment and commercial
regulations, standards and practices (Baldwin, 1998).
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RIA’s can be defined as agreements of mutual support between interested parties
to remove total or partial tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers among all members
in order integrate into a single trading bloc.
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GATT Article V: “Freedom of Transit: Goods (including baggage), and also vessels
and other means of transport, shall be deemed to be in transit across the territory
of a contracting party when the passage across such territory, with or without trans-
shipment, warehousing, breaking bulk, or change in the mode of transport, is only
a portion of a complete journey beginning and terminating beyond the frontier of
the contracting party across whose territory the traffic passes. Traffic of this nature
is termed in this article “traffic in transit”. 2. There shall be freedom of transit
through the territory of each contracting party, via the routes most convenient for
international transit, for traffic in transit to or from the territory of other contracting
parties. No distinction shall be made which is based on the flag of vessels, the place
of origin, departure, entry, exit or destination, or on any circumstances relating to
the ownership of goods, of vessels or of other means of transport.” (WTO, 2016).
7
Trade liberalization generally means that there are no artificial impediments (tariff)
to the exchange of goods across national markets and that therefore the prices
faced by domestic producer and consumers are the same as those determined by
the world market (allowing for transportation and other transactions costs). These
prices reflected the relative scarcity and abundance of goods around the world and
constitute a relevant opportunity cost to domestic firms and households (and hence
to the country as a whole) because the world market is always available for trades
at those prices (Irwin, 1998).