MARIO ARTURO RUIZ ESTRADA
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REVISTA ACADÉMICA ECO (15) : 31-52, JULIO / DICIEMBRE 2016
As observed, more qualitative rather than quantitative methods of evaluation are
used in the political dimension of research. Just as in the economic dimension of
research, the political dimension of research in the study of regional integration has
many limitations. However, as pointed out by Mattli (1999), the political context in
which integration occurs has been specified in the political dimension of research
and this has provided insightful accounts of the process of integration.
The third field of research, that is the social field of research, focuses on issues such
as history, culture, education, social welfare programs and social policies applied by
governments. Usually such research is in the form of comparative studies based on
basic statistical comparison, feedbacks, interview results, history and social theoretical
frameworks. Many of these studies are confined to highly important issues that are
worthy of consideration in the study of the effects of regional integration.
The fourth field of research, that is the technological field of research, has a relatively
smaller presence. It focuses mainly on four specific topics: regional electrical inter-
connection, telecommunications, technology transfer, and Research and Development
(R&D). Some of these research documents involve advanced technical terminologies
and the application of quantitative methods (statistics and mathematics).
Multidisciplinary Approach
Among the 300 papers published in different journals specialized on international
economics and trade such as international economics and world trade review in the
past 15 years (2001-2016), the following research orientation was common: benefit/
cost, probabilistic or forecasting analysis through the application of econometric
methods and use of microeconomic and macroeconomic levels secondary data.
Also, among these 300 papers, and for the past 15 years, there has been an
increasing dependency of regional integration analysis on econometrics models,
methods and techniques. Ninety seven percent (97%) or 291 of these papers
adopted the economics research approach in the study of regional integration. Only
3% or 9 of these papers adopted the institutional approach or multidisciplinary
approach (entailing several disciplines such as history, economics, sociology, politics,
technology and social sciences et cetera) in the study of regional integration.
This paper is of the view that the absence of non-economic variables can considerably
increase the vulnerability of any analysis on regional integration. Therefore, it
suggests that any regional integration analysis should take into consideration a wide
range of factors, including unforeseen factors. These factors include, among others,
natural disaster trends, climate changes, terrorism, crime and violence, poverty
expansion, religion and beliefs, education system, social events and phenomena,
social norms and behavior, et cetera. This paper maintains that it is necessary to
incorporate these sorts of factors in the regional integration analysis in order to
formulate strong policies of minimal vulnerability possible. However, it must be
assumed that all these factors maintain a constant quantitative and qualitative
transformation(s) in different historical periods of the society concerned.