A GENERAL THEORETICAL REVIEW ABOUT GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONAL INTEGRATION
REVISTA ACADÉMICA ECO (15) : 31-52, JULIO / DICIEMBRE 2016
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that the study of regional integration from the economic perspective mainly
centers on macroeconomics applications (70%), quantitative methods (85%), partial
equilibrium (50%), ex-antes approach (55%), and static models (60%)
13
. Besides,
these applications are used in the short term in most research.
The common theories, models and theorems used by researchers in the economic
field of research in the study of regional integration are: international trade policy
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framework, optimal current area theory
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, fiscal federalism theory
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, Heckscher-
Ohlin model
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, Kemp and Wan theorem
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. All these theories, the most important
theory applied is the Customs Union theory
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(including the Second Best theory
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).
The Customs Union theory is still used today by many economists to choose
between trade creation and trade diversion
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for evaluating regional integration.
However, the static analysis used in the Customs Union theory poses a problem: it
frequently uses a partial competitive equilibrium framework to arrive at a general
conclusion about a process that is a general equilibrium phenomenon (Devlin and
Ffrench-Davis, 1998).
According to Winters (1997), many economists are of the stand that trade creation
versus trade diversion is not the core of the problem. The problem lies with the
deficiency of the models of dynamics and empirical foundations used for testing
them. In effect, Mordechai and Plummer (2002) point out that, economists whose
research into regional integration is based on ex-post models include a gravity
model, an import-growth simulation and other regression approaches. This is
because computational general equilibrium (CGE)
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model (multi-country and multi-
commodity dimension) has become very popular among economists.
Furthermore, the economic field of research merely applies the positive theories
of welfare gains and losses associated with regional integration; it provides no
explanations of the political choices that allow for integrated fields of research. As
such, the economic field of research negates the global context of the evolution and
trend of regional integration process as a whole.
In a nutshell, this paper maintains that the economic field of research poses
many limitations in the study of the effects of regional integration, and that it is
merely one part of the complicated puzzle of regional integration research. On
this account, this study further maintains that the study of regional integration
requires a multi-dimensional analysis (economic, social, political and technological
dimensions simultaneously).
Political, Social and Technological Fields of Research
The study of regional integration from the political dimension is also pervasive.
It is observed many studies on regional integration involve extensive elaboration
of the following politically oriented topics: institutional framework (functionalism
or neo-functionalism), policy dimensions and agreements (negotiation) and
international law issues.