A GENERAL THEORETICAL REVIEW ABOUT GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONAL INTEGRATION
REVISTA ACADÉMICA ECO (15) : 31-52, JULIO / DICIEMBRE 2016
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Hence, the free trade literature and protectionism literature offer a general
understanding about the trade policy orientation among different kinds of thinkers
through its different ideas, concepts and theories that try to show the pros and cons
of both sides of free trade or protectionism). All of them have played important
roles in the development of new analytical methods and models to generate logical
explanations about the impact of free trade. The difference between the political
economy and economic theory approach, and the trade policy approach is that the
political economy approach creates criteria based on a general theoretical framework
explaining two different sides of the trade orientation (free trade vs. protectionism).
The political economy approach takes a more qualitative analytical path.
Trade Liberalization using the Economic Theory Approach is basically one that tries
to explain the effect of openness from two angles of analysis: microeconomics and
macroeconomics. Each focus also applies two types of methods: qualitative (theories
and principles) and quantitative (econometrics). The studies can be classified by period
of time (ex-ante and ex-post) and dimension of analysis: partial equilibrium or static
and general equilibrium or dynamic. This observation is drawn from approximately
300 different papers from various journals
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related to trade liberalization, regional
integration and international economics issues, from 2001 to 2016.
Based on our analysis of the documents, several pertinent points may be noted:
application of microeconomics (60% of cases), qualitative methods were observed
in the application of common theoretical analytical issues: comparative advantage
(20% of cases), H-O theory (30% of cases), trade restrictions: tariff and non-tariff
barriers (50% of cases), and trade creating custom union (25% of cases). Quantitative
methods were applied in 95% of cases in our review. The common models used
to measure trade liberalization are the elasticity approach (ex-ante), general
equilibrium models (ex-ante), import demand regression approach (ex-ante), gravity
model (ex-post), an import-growth simulation and other regression approaches
(ex-post), import demand regression approach (ex-post). General equilibrium or
dynamic models are applied in 80% of cases.
All the above economic models of analysis persist in measuring changes in welfare
based on cost/benefit consideration. This research paper, on the other hand, asserts
that the study of trade liberalization should not focus merely on the cost/benefit
analysis; instead it should take into consideration a series of favorable conditions
that the Trade Liberalization presents in each country in the same region.
The difference in the economic theory approach from that of the political economy
and trade policy approaches is that economic theory will offer the basic analytical
tools to observe the impact of free trade using either qualitative methods or
quantitative methods. The economic theory approach is therefore necessary as it
provides an important tool to understand free trade and protectionism.