A GENERAL THEORETICAL REVIEW ABOUT GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONAL INTEGRATION
REVISTA ACADÉMICA ECO (15) : 31-52, JULIO / DICIEMBRE 2016
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4. Analysis of Customs Union Theory and Trade Liberalization
Literature Review
Custom Union Theory Literature Review
The effects of regional integration have been studied by many economists based
on the Custom Union theory. There are two basic concepts in this theory, namely
trade-creating effect and trade-diverting effect. These two concepts are used by
many economists and non-economists as the general framework of introduction to
the study of regional integration. Viner (1950) argues that where the trade-creating
force is predominant, at least one of the custom union members must benefit.
Where two members receive net benefit together, all members in the union will
benefit accordingly. However, the world outside the customs union loses in the
short-run; gaining in the long run only if there is diffusion of increased prosperity in
the member countries of the customs union.
Where the trade-diverting effect is predominant, at least one of the member
countries is bound to be injured. However, in the short run both may be injured and
will suffer a net injury together. There will be injury to the outside world at large in
the long run as well. The main focus of the Customs Union Theory is the markets
of goods and services. A partial equilibrium is applied in this theory and the central
objective of this theoretical approach is to improve the national income.
The Second Best theory proposed by Lipsey and Lancaster (1997) should also be
mentioned here. These two authors apply a general equilibrium to explain the
customs union effects on world trade. The contribution of Lipsey and Lancaster
on the Customs Union Theory follows the Pareto optimum which requires the
simultaneous fulfillment of all the optimum conditions based on the general
economic problem of maximization. A function is maximized subject to at least one
constraint, which in this case is production function or utility function.
The customs union theory is still used today and continues to be used by many
economists. The partial equilibrium analysis used in the customs union theory posts
a problem: it frequently uses a partial competitive equilibrium framework to arrive
at a general conclusion about a process that is a general equilibrium phenomenon.
(Devlin and Ffrench-Davis, 1998)
Trade Liberalization Literature Review
We can observe the fast expansion of trade liberalization
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under the preferential trade
agreements concept that has taken place throughout the world up to today. In the
shape of free trade area, the participant countries agree to eliminate the internal
tariff barriers but set their external tariffs barriers independently. It is important to
remember that the customs union constitutes the other main shape of preferential
trade agreements. The customs union differs from free trade area essentially because
its members have a common external trade policy (Breton, Scott & Sinclair, 1997).