MARIO ARTURO RUIZ ESTRADA
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REVISTA ACADÉMICA ECO (15) : 31-52, JULIO / DICIEMBRE 2016
The hard restrictions are tariff measures (import tariffs) and non-tariff measures
(quotas) in the manufacturing, agricultural, and services sectors. Soft restrictions
are based on the sanitary measures such as health and environmental issues. These
measures create restrictions against in the development of international trade,
especially trade between middle income and low income countries.
Figure 1:
Evolution of Regional Integration Agreement’s (RIA’s) in the World registered by
GATT/WTO (1948-2016)
Source: World Trade Organization (WTO)
Moreover, two categories of regionalism are applied in this research. These two
categories of regionalism, as suggested by Bhagwati (1999), there are closed
regionalism and open regionalism.
Closed Regionalism
Closed regionalism is based on the import-substitution industrialization strategy
or inward oriented model under the infant industry argument. The import-
substitution industrialization strategy uses a common import tariff that is a form
of public sector intervention to protect the domestic industries and to create a
large market (Balassa, 1985).
Closed regionalism has observed a series of phases in the process towards the
creation of a common trading bloc. These six phases are first preferential trade
arrangements. Second, is the free trade area, where the free trade area will
The establishment of WTO
500
400
300
200
150
100
0
1948 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2016
297