MARIO ARTURO RUIZ ESTRADA
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REVISTA ACADÉMICA ECO (15) : 31-52, JULIO / DICIEMBRE 2016
First Characteristic of Globalization: Institutional
and Political Reforms
The first characteristic of Globalization is the
institutional and political reforms based on less
public sector participation into the economic activity
or market. The institutional focus is supported
by the idea to reduce public sector participation
into the economic activity under the argument of
unnecessary bureaucracy (non-efficient allocation of
resources and production factors). The elimination
of unnecessary bureaucracy uses the mechanism
of privatization based on the sale of assets from the
public sector enterprises (products and services) to
the private sector. The sell of public sector to the
private sector assumes a better performance in the
productivity and efficiency of public services and
products. The mission of privatization is to look for an
efficient allocation of resources into the economy of
any country under the private sector management.
The new institutional focus and deep political
reforms that constitute the first pillar of globalization
is based on less public sector participation in
economic activity. The idea behind the reduced
public sector participation is that unnecessary
bureaucracy creates non-efficient allocation of
resources and production factors. The elimination
of the unnecessary bureaucracy is implemented
through the mechanism of privatization, where
goods and services from the public enterprises are
sold to the private sector. The sale of public sector
assets to the private sector is assumed to give rise
to higher productivity and efficiency in the public
sector. This is in line with the mission of privatization,
that is, to achieve efficient allocation of resources in
a country’s economy.
Since the end of the Cold War -- with the collapse
of the bipolar order (communism and capitalism)
that reigned since 1945, a new phase of reform in
the economic, institutional and political arenas has
been created. A new institutional world order has
been structured under deep political, economic,
technological and social challenges (Gaspar, 2000).
Indeed, the analysis of post-Cold War regionalization
process and international order cannot be separated
from the globalization process (Hveem, 2002 and
Sideri, 2000). The new international order in the
political and institutional is supported by the strong
promotion of democracy (more participation of the
civil society into the democratization process) and
human rights.
Second Characteristic of Globalization:
Development of Information Communication
Technology (ICT)
The second characteristic of globalization is the
development of information communication
technologies (ICT) tools resulting in the use of
advanced technologies. The ICT sector uses
technological innovative tools such as Internet
services (Web), sophisticated software and
hardware, satellite T.V. and satellite mobile phone
systems. These tools enable quick accessibility of
information and hence, easier business transactions.
The present advances in technology have come a
long way since the industrial revolution in England.
With advanced technology, new Research &
Development (R&D) methods and tools emerged,
which in turns led to expansion in world production
and business. However, the above benefits of
technological revolution are mainly enjoyed by high
income countries. This results in concentration of
high technology amongst high income countries.
Therefore, middle income and low income countries
continue to be highly dependent on high income
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countries for their technological needs.
Third Characteristic of Globalization: Trade
Liberalization
The final characteristic is the expansion of regional
integration agreements (RIA’s) around the world
based on custom union (CU) and free trade areas
(FTA) schemes.