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Revista Eutopía, año 1, núm. 2, julio-diciembre 2016, pp. 3-49, ISSN 2518-8674
terreno institucional y jurídico, sino también por la importancia de la
disputa «cultural» de significados, a partir de la cual son cuestionados los
entendimientos hegemónicos de democracia, y se ponen en práctica sus
intentos para reconfigurar y volver «más democráticas» las normas, las
interacciones y los espacios de vida cotidiana al interior y alrededor de los
procesos organizativos.
Palabras clave: transiciones democráticas, patronazgo, élites, acción
colectiva, disputa cultural.
Democratisation and social change: A revision of the
relationship among elites, the cooptation of the State, and
democratization ‘from below’
Abstract
This article reviews different strands of literature that examine the role as well as the
relevance of elites and subaltern actors in democratisation processes. The review starts
by exploring how structural issues, economic processes surrounding the institutional
framework and elites influence the nature of the state as well as its democratic character.
This line of analysis is contrasted with literature focussed on democratisation ‘from
below’ focussed on the categories of class, social movements and expressions of collective
action to signal the conceptual and empirical limitations of a large part of literature
that emphasizes the centrality of elites in the processes of democratisation. Based on
this critique the article suggests the need to understand subaltern collective action as a
necessary condition for democracy, not just in relation to its capacity to force change in the
institutional and juridical terrain, but also because of its importance to ‘cultural’ dispute
over meanings through which hegemonic understandings of democracy are questioned,
and through which attempts to reconfigure and make ‘more democratic’ the norms,
interactions, and daily spaces of living within and around organizational processes are
put into practice.
Keywords: democratic transitions, patronage, elites, collective actions, cultural disputes.